xov xwm

Ua tsaug rau koj tuaj xyuas Nature.Qhov browser version koj siv tau txwv kev txhawb nqa rau CSS.Rau qhov kev paub zoo tshaj plaws, peb xav kom koj siv qhov browser tshiab dua (lossis tua hom kev sib raug zoo hauv Internet Explorer). Tib lub sijhawm , txhawm rau ua kom muaj kev txhawb nqa txuas ntxiv, peb yuav tso saib cov chaw tsis muaj qauv thiab JavaScript.
Additives thiab low-temperature printing txheej txheem tuaj yeem sib xyaw ua ke ntau yam khoom siv hluav taws xob thiab hluav taws xob siv hluav taws xob ntawm cov khoom siv hluav taws xob hloov tau yooj yim ntawm tus nqi qis.Txawm li cas los xij, kev tsim cov tshuab hluav taws xob ua tiav los ntawm cov khoom siv no feem ntau xav tau cov khoom siv hluav taws xob siv hluav taws xob los hloov ntawm ntau yam kev khiav hauj lwm voltages ntawm Cov khoom siv.Passive Cheebtsam - inductors, capacitors, thiab resistors - ua haujlwm xws li kev lim dej, lub sijhawm luv zog cia, thiab ntsuas qhov ntsuas hluav taws xob, uas yog qhov tseem ceeb hauv hluav taws xob hluav taws xob thiab ntau lwm yam kev siv. Hauv kab lus no, peb qhia inductors, capacitors, resistors thiab RLC circuits screen-luam tawm ntawm cov yas hloov tau yooj yim, thiab tshaj tawm cov txheej txheem tsim kom txo tau cov series tsis kam ntawm inductors kom lawv tuaj yeem siv rau hauv cov khoom siv hluav taws xob hluav taws xob .Cov ntawv luam tawm inductor thiab resistor tau muab tso rau hauv lub zog regulator circuit.Manufacture ntawm cov organic teeb-emitting diodes thiab saj zawg zog lithium-ion roj teeb.Cov hluav taws xob tswj hluav taws xob tau siv los ua hluav taws xob diodes los ntawm lub roj teeb, ua kom pom lub peev xwm ntawm cov khoom siv hluav taws xob los hloov cov khoom siv hauv DC-DC converter.
Nyob rau hauv xyoo tas los no, daim ntawv thov ntawm ntau yam saj zawg zog pab kiag li lawm nyob rau hauv wearable thiab loj-qhov chaw hluav taws xob cov khoom thiab lub Internet ntawm yam 1,2 tau tsim.Cov no muaj xws li cov khoom siv hluav taws xob, xws li photovoltaic 3, piezoelectric 4, thiab thermoelectric 5;lub zog cia khoom siv, xws li roj teeb 6, 7;thiab cov khoom siv hluav taws xob siv hluav taws xob, xws li sensors 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, thiab lub teeb ci 13.Txawm hais tias kev vam meej tau ua tiav hauv cov khoom siv hluav taws xob thiab cov khoom thauj, kev sib txuas cov khoom no rau hauv lub tshuab hluav taws xob ua tiav feem ntau yuav tsum muaj hluav taws xob hluav taws xob rau kov yeej ib qho kev tsis sib haum xeeb ntawm kev coj tus cwj pwm thiab kev thauj khoom.Piv txwv li, lub roj teeb tsim hluav taws xob sib txawv raws li nws lub xeev tus nqi.Yog tias lub load yuav tsum muaj qhov hluav taws xob tas li, lossis siab dua qhov hluav taws xob uas lub roj teeb tuaj yeem tsim tau, lub zog hluav taws xob yuav tsum tau ua. . Fais fab hluav taws xob siv cov khoom siv hluav taws xob (transistors) los ua kev hloov pauv thiab tswj kev ua haujlwm, nrog rau cov khoom siv hluav taws xob (inductors, capacitors, thiab resistors).Piv txwv li, nyob rau hauv lub switching regulator circuit, inductor yog siv los khaws lub zog thaum txhua lub voj voog hloov. , lub capacitor yog siv los txo qhov hluav taws xob ripple, thiab qhov ntsuas qhov ntsuas hluav taws xob xav tau rau kev tawm tswv yim tswj tau ua tiav siv lub resistor divider.
Cov khoom siv hluav taws xob uas tsim nyog rau cov khoom siv hnav (xws li pulse oximeter 9) yuav tsum muaj ob peb volts thiab ob peb milliamps, feem ntau ua haujlwm nyob rau hauv ntau zaus ntawm ntau pua kHz mus rau ob peb MHz, thiab xav tau ob peb μH thiab ob peb μH inductance thiab lub capacitance μF yog 14 feem.Cov txheej txheem ntawm kev tsim cov circuits no yog siv cov khoom sib cais mus rau lub rooj tsavxwm nruj nruj (PCB).Txawm hais tias cov khoom siv hluav taws xob hluav taws xob feem ntau ua ke rau hauv ib qho silicon integrated circuit (IC), passive Cheebtsam yog feem ntau. sab nraud, xws li tso cai rau kev cai circuits, los yog vim hais tias qhov yuav tsum tau inductance thiab capacitance yog loj heev yuav tsum tau siv nyob rau hauv silicon.
Piv nrog rau cov txheej txheem PCB-raws li kev tsim khoom, kev tsim cov khoom siv hluav taws xob thiab cov khoom siv hluav taws xob los ntawm cov txheej txheem luam ntawv additive muaj ntau qhov zoo ntawm kev yooj yim thiab tus nqi.Ua ntej, vim muaj ntau yam khoom siv hauv Circuit Court yuav tsum muaj cov khoom siv tib yam, xws li hlau rau kev sib cuag. thiab kev sib txuas, luam ntawv tso cai rau ntau yam khoom tsim nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, nrog cov txheej txheem ua haujlwm tsawg thiab tsawg dua ntawm cov ntaub ntawv15.Kev siv cov txheej txheem ntxiv los hloov cov txheej txheem rho tawm xws li photolithography thiab etching ntxiv txo cov txheej txheem nyuaj thiab cov khoom pov tseg16, 17, 18, thiab 19.Ntxiv rau, qhov kub tsis tshua muaj siv hauv kev luam ntawv yog sib xws nrog cov khoom siv yooj yim thiab pheej yig yas substrates, tso cai rau kev siv cov txheej txheem kub ceev yob-rau-yob manufacturing txheej txheem los npog cov khoom siv hluav taws xob 16, 20 hla thaj chaw loj.Rau cov ntawv thov uas tsis tuaj yeem paub meej nrog cov khoom luam tawm, cov txheej txheem hybrid tau tsim nyob rau hauv qhov chaw mount technology (SMT) cov khoom txuas nrog cov khoom siv hloov pauv tau yooj yim 21, 22, 23 ntawm ib sab ntawm cov ntawv luam tawm ntawm qhov kub thiab txias. tsim nyog los hloov ntau SMT Cheebtsam raws li qhov ua tau nrog cov ntawv luam tawm kom tau txais cov txiaj ntsig ntawm cov txheej txheem ntxiv thiab ua kom lub zog tag nrho ntawm cov khoom siv hluav taws xob hloov pauv tau, peb tau thov kom muaj kev sib xyaw ua ke ntawm SMT cov khoom siv thiab cov ntawv luam tawm passive. Cheebtsam, nrog rau tshwj xeeb tseem ceeb ntawm kev hloov loj SMT inductors nrog cov txheej txheem kauv inductors.Ntawm ntau yam thev naus laus zis rau kev tsim cov khoom siv hluav taws xob, kev tshuaj ntsuam luam ntawv tshwj xeeb yog tsim rau cov khoom siv tsis zoo vim nws cov yeeb yaj kiab loj tuab (uas yog tsim nyog los txo cov koob tsis kam ntawm cov hlau nta. ) thiab siab ceev luam ntawv, txawm tias thaum npog centimeter-theem cheeb tsam Ib yam muaj tseeb ntawm lub sij hawm.Material 24.
Kev poob ntawm cov khoom siv hluav taws xob tsis zoo ntawm cov khoom siv hluav taws xob hluav taws xob yuav tsum raug txo kom tsawg, vim tias qhov ua tau zoo ntawm cov hluav taws xob cuam tshuam ncaj qha rau lub zog ntawm lub zog yuav tsum tau ua rau lub zog siv hluav taws xob. Resistance.Yog li ntawd, txawm hais tias qee qhov kev siv zog tau ua kom txo qis qhov tsis kam 25, 26, 27, 28 ntawm cov ntawv luam tawm coils, tseem tsis muaj cov khoom siv hluav taws xob zoo tshaj plaws rau cov khoom siv hluav taws xob hluav taws xob.Tam sim no, ntau tshaj tawm cov ntawv luam tawm passive. Cheebtsam ntawm hloov pauv substrates yog tsim los ua haujlwm hauv resonant circuits rau xov tooj cua zaus identification (RFID) los yog lub zog sau lub hom phiaj 10, 12, 25, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31.Lwm yam tsom rau cov khoom siv lossis kev tsim cov txheej txheem tsim khoom thiab qhia cov khoom siv dav. 26, 32, 33, 34 uas tsis zoo rau cov kev siv tshwj xeeb.Qhov sib txawv, cov hluav taws xob hluav taws xob hluav taws xob xws li hluav taws xob tswj hluav taws xob feem ntau siv cov khoom loj dua li cov ntawv luam tawm passive thiab tsis tas yuav resonance, yog li yuav tsum muaj cov qauv sib txawv.
Ntawm no, peb qhia txog kev tsim thiab kev ua kom zoo ntawm cov tshuaj ntsuam luam tawm inductors nyob rau hauv μH ntau yam kom ua tiav qhov tsawg tshaj plaws series tsis kam thiab kev ua haujlwm siab ntawm frequencies ntsig txog lub hwj chim electronics.Screen-printed inductors, capacitors, thiab resistors nrog ntau yam khoom muaj nqis yog tsim. ntawm cov khoom siv hluav taws xob hloov tau yooj yim.Qhov tsim nyog ntawm cov khoom siv hluav taws xob hloov tau yooj yim tau pom thawj zaug hauv RLC Circuit Court yooj yim.Cov ntawv luam tawm inductor thiab resistor yog tom qab sib xyaw nrog IC los tsim cov regulator.Thaum kawg, ib qho organic teeb-emitting diode (OLED ) thiab cov roj teeb hloov pauv lithium-ion tau tsim, thiab lub zog tswj hluav taws xob yog siv los ua lub zog OLED ntawm lub roj teeb.
Txhawm rau tsim cov ntawv luam tawm inductors rau hluav taws xob hluav taws xob, peb thawj zaug kwv yees qhov inductance thiab DC tsis kam ntawm cov inductor geometries raws li daim ntawv qauv tam sim no tau npaj hauv Mohan li al.35, thiab fabricated inductors ntawm txawv geometries kom paub meej tias qhov tseeb ntawm tus qauv.Hauv txoj haujlwm no, ib lub voj voog raug xaiv rau inductor vim tias qhov inductance ntau dua 36 tuaj yeem ua tiav nrog qhov qis dua piv rau polygonal geometry.Qhov cuam tshuam ntawm tus number case. hom thiab tus naj npawb ntawm cov voj voog luam tawm ntawm kev ua haujlwm yog txiav txim siab.Cov txiaj ntsig no tau siv nrog cov qauv ammeter los tsim 4.7 μH thiab 7.8 μH inductors optimized rau yam tsawg kawg nkaus DC tsis kam.
Lub inductance thiab DC tsis kam ntawm kauv inductors tuaj yeem piav qhia los ntawm ntau qhov tsis sib xws: sab nraud txoj kab uas hla ua, tig dav w thiab qhov sib txawv s, tus lej ntawm qhov n, thiab cov neeg xyuas pib daim ntawv tsis kam Rsheet.Daim duab 1a qhia ib daim duab ntawm silk-screen luam tawm ncig inductor nrog n = 12, qhia cov geometric tsis uas txiav txim siab nws inductance.Raws li ammeter qauv ntawm Mohan li al.35, lub inductance yog xam rau ib tug series ntawm inductor geometries, qhov twg
(a) Ib daim duab ntawm lub vijtsam luam tawm inductor uas qhia txog qhov ntsuas geometric.Qhov txoj kab uas hla yog 3 cm.Inductance (b) thiab DC tsis kam (c) ntawm ntau yam inductor geometries.Cov kab thiab cov cim sib raug rau cov nqi ntsuas thiab ntsuas, feem. (d, e) DC resistances ntawm inductors L1 thiab L2 yog cov tshuaj ntsuam luam tawm nrog Dupont 5028 thiab 5064H nyiaj inks, feem.
Ntawm qhov siab zaus, cov nyhuv ntawm daim tawv nqaij thiab cov kab mob parasitic capacitance yuav hloov qhov kev tiv thaiv thiab inductance ntawm inductor raws li nws tus nqi DC.Tus inductor yuav tsum ua hauj lwm ntawm qhov tsawg zaus uas cov teebmeem no negligible, thiab cov cuab yeej coj li inductance tas li. Nrog rau qhov tsis tu ncua hauv series.Yog li ntawd, hauv txoj haujlwm no, peb tau txheeb xyuas qhov kev sib raug zoo ntawm geometric tsis, inductance, thiab DC tsis kam, thiab siv cov txiaj ntsig kom tau txais ib qho inductance nrog qhov tsawg tshaj plaws DC tsis kam.
Inductance thiab kuj yog xam rau ib tug series ntawm geometric tsis muaj peev xwm ua tau los ntawm kev tshuaj ntsuam luam ntawv, thiab nws xav tias inductance nyob rau hauv lub μH ntau yam yuav raug generated.Lub sab diameters ntawm 3 thiab 5 cm, kab widths ntawm 500 thiab 1000 microns , thiab ntau yam kev hloov pauv tau muab piv rau.Hauv kev suav, nws xav tias daim ntawv tsis kam yog 47 mΩ / □, uas sib haum rau 7 μm tuab Dupont 5028 nyiaj microflake conductor txheej luam tawm nrog 400 mesh npo thiab teeb tsa w = s.The xam inductance thiab resistance values ​​yog qhia nyob rau hauv daim duab 1b thiab c, feem.Cov qauv kwv yees hais tias ob qho tib si inductance thiab kuj nce raws li lub sab nraud txoj kab uas hla thiab tus naj npawb ntawm lem nce, los yog raws li txoj kab dav txo.
Txhawm rau ntsuas qhov tseeb ntawm cov qauv kev kwv yees, inductors ntawm ntau yam geometries thiab inductances tau fabricated rau ntawm polyethylene terephthalate (PET) substrate.Qhov ntsuas inductance thiab tsis kam muaj nuj nqis tau qhia hauv daim duab 1b thiab c.Txawm hais tias qhov kev tiv thaiv tau pom qee qhov sib txawv los ntawm qhov xav tau tus nqi, feem ntau yog vim muaj kev hloov pauv hauv cov tuab thiab qhov sib xws ntawm cov ntawv tso tawm, qhov inductance tau pom zoo heev nrog cov qauv.
Cov txiaj ntsig no tuaj yeem siv los tsim cov inductor nrog qhov xav tau inductance thiab qhov tsawg kawg nkaus DC tsis kam.Piv txwv li, xav tias yuav tsum muaj qhov inductance ntawm 2 μH.Daim duab 1b qhia tau hais tias qhov inductance no tuaj yeem ua tiav nrog txoj kab uas hla ntawm 3 cm, ib kab dav. ntawm 500 μm, thiab 10 lem.Qhov tib inductance kuj tuaj yeem tsim siv 5 cm sab nraud txoj kab uas hla, 500 μm kab dav thiab 5 lem lossis 1000 μm kab dav thiab 7 lem (raws li qhia hauv daim duab).Piv cov resistances ntawm peb. muaj peev xwm geometries nyob rau hauv daim duab 1c, nws yuav pom tau hais tias qhov qis tshaj tsis kam ntawm ib tug 5 cm inductor nrog ib kab dav ntawm 1000 μm yog 34 Ω, uas yog hais txog 40% qis dua lwm yam ob.Cov txheej txheem tsim qauv kom ua tiav ib qho inductance muab. nrog rau qhov tsawg kawg nkaus tsis kam yog cov ntsiab lus raws li hauv qab no: Ua ntej, xaiv qhov siab tshaj plaws sab nraud txoj kab uas hla raws li qhov chaw txwv tsis pub siv los ntawm daim ntawv thov.Tom qab ntawd, cov kab dav yuav tsum loj npaum li qhov ua tau thaum tseem ua tiav qhov xav tau inductance kom tau txais tus nqi sau siab. (Kev sib npaug (3)).
Los ntawm kev ua kom cov tuab lossis siv cov khoom siv nrog cov khoom siv hluav taws xob ntau dua los txo cov ntawv tsis kam ntawm cov yeeb yaj kiab hlau, DC kuj tuaj yeem txo qis ntxiv yam tsis muaj kev cuam tshuam rau inductance.Ob lub inductors, uas nws geometric tsis tau muab rau hauv Table 1, hu ua L1 thiab L2, yog tsim los nrog cov xov tooj sib txawv ntawm cov txheej txheem los ntsuas qhov kev hloov pauv hauv kev tiv thaiv.Raws li tus naj npawb ntawm number case coatings nce, qhov kev tiv thaiv yuav txo qis raws li qhov xav tau, raws li qhia hauv daim duab 1d thiab e, uas yog inductors L1 thiab L2, raws li.Figures 1d thiab e qhia tau hais tias los ntawm kev siv 6 txheej txheej, qhov kev tiv thaiv tuaj yeem raug txo mus txog 6 zaug, thiab qhov siab tshaj plaws txo qhov tsis kam (50-65%) tshwm sim ntawm txheej 1 thiab txheej 2.Vim tias txhua txheej ntawm number case yog nyias nyias, npo nrog ib daim phiaj me me (400 kab ib nti) yog siv los luam cov inductors, uas tso cai rau peb los kawm txog cov nyhuv ntawm tus neeg xyuas pib thickness ntawm qhov tsis kam.Raws li tus qauv nta tseem loj dua qhov tsawg kawg nkaus daws teeb meem ntawm daim phiaj, a cov thickness zoo sib xws (thiab tsis kam) tuaj yeem ua tiav sai dua los ntawm kev luam ntawv me me ntawm cov txheej txheej nrog cov kab sib chaws loj dua.Qhov no tuaj yeem siv los ua kom tiav tib DC tsis kam raws li 6-coated inductor tau tham ntawm no, tab sis nrog kev ceev ntau lawm.
Cov duab 1d thiab e kuj qhia tau hais tias los ntawm kev siv ntau cov nyiaj flake ink DuPont 5064H, qhov kev tiv thaiv raug txo los ntawm ib qho ntawm ob.Los ntawm SEM micrographs ntawm cov yeeb yaj kiab uas luam tawm nrog ob lub inks (Daim duab 1f, g), nws tuaj yeem ua tau. pom tias qhov qis qis ntawm 5028 tus cwj mem yog vim nws qhov me me me me thiab muaj ntau qhov khoob ntawm cov khoom hauv cov ntawv luam tawm. Ntawm qhov tod tes, 5064H muaj qhov loj dua, zoo sib xws flakes, ua rau nws coj los ze zog rau ntau. silver.Txawm hais tias cov yeeb yaj kiab tsim los ntawm tus cwj mem no yog nyias dua li 5028 tus cwj mem, nrog ib txheej ntawm 4 μm thiab 6 txheej ntawm 22 μm, qhov nce hauv conductivity yog txaus los txo tag nrho cov kev tiv thaiv.
Thaum kawg, txawm hais tias qhov inductance ( kab zauv (1)) nyob ntawm tus naj npawb ntawm lem (w + s), qhov tsis kam ( kab zauv (5)) tsuas yog nyob ntawm txoj kab dav w.Yog li ntawd, los ntawm kev nce w txheeb ze rau s, qhov tsis kam. tuaj yeem txo qis ntxiv.Qhov ob qhov ntxiv inductors L3 thiab L4 yog tsim los kom muaj w = 2s thiab ib txoj kab uas hla loj, raws li qhia nyob rau hauv Table 1.Cov inductors yog tsim nrog 6 txheej ntawm DuPont 5064H txheej, raws li qhia ua ntej, muab cov Kev ua tau zoo tshaj plaws.Qhov inductance ntawm L3 yog 4.720 ± 0.002 μH thiab qhov tsis kam yog 4.9 ± 0.1 Ω, thaum lub inductance ntawm L4 yog 7.839 ± 0.005 μH thiab 6.9 ± 0.1 Ω, uas yog nyob rau hauv kev pom zoo nrog rau cov qauv kev twv ua ntej. nce nyob rau hauv thickness, conductivity, thiab w / s, qhov no txhais tau hais tias tus L / R piv tau nce los ntawm ntau tshaj qhov kev txiav txim ntawm magnitude txheeb ze rau tus nqi nyob rau hauv daim duab 1.
Txawm hais tias tsis tshua muaj DC tsis kam yog qhov zoo, kev ntsuas qhov tsim nyog ntawm inductors rau cov khoom siv hluav taws xob hluav taws xob ua haujlwm nyob rau hauv kHz-MHz ntau yam yuav tsum muaj tus cwj pwm ntawm AC zaus.Daim duab 2a qhia qhov zaus dependence ntawm qhov tsis kam thiab reactance ntawm L3 thiab L4.Rau zaus hauv qab 10 MHz. , qhov kev tiv thaiv tseem nyob li qub ntawm nws tus nqi DC, thaum lub reactance nce linearly nrog zaus, uas txhais tau hais tias qhov inductance yog tas li raws li qhov xav tau.Tus kheej-resonant zaus yog txhais raws li qhov zaus ntawm qhov impedance hloov ntawm inductive mus rau capacitive, nrog rau L3 yog 35.6 ± 0.3 MHz thiab L4 yog 24.3 ± 0.6 MHz.Qhov zaus dependence ntawm qhov zoo tshaj plaws Q (sib npaug rau ωL / R) yog qhia hauv daim duab 2b.L3 thiab L4 ua tau zoo tshaj plaws ntawm 35 ± 1 thiab 33 ± 1 ntawm zaus ntawm 11 thiab 16 MHz, feem.Qhov inductance ntawm ob peb μH thiab qhov siab Q ntawm MHz zaus ua rau cov inductors txaus los hloov cov tsoos nto-mount inductors nyob rau hauv qis-power DC-DC converters.
Qhov ntsuas tsis kam R thiab reactance X (a) thiab qhov zoo tshaj Q (b) ntawm inductors L3 thiab L4 muaj feem xyuam rau zaus.
Yuav kom txo qis cov hneev taw uas yuav tsum tau ua rau lub peev xwm muab tau, nws yog qhov zoo tshaj plaws los siv cov tshuab capacitor nrog ib qho loj tshwj xeeb capacitance, uas yog sib npaug ntawm dielectric tas li ε faib los ntawm cov thickness ntawm dielectric. raws li cov dielectric vim tias nws muaj epsilon siab dua li lwm cov kev daws teeb meem organic dielectrics.Lub dielectric txheej yog tshuaj ntsuam luam tawm ntawm ob lub nyiaj conductors los ua ib tug hlau-dielectric-hlau qauv.Capacitors nrog ntau qhov ntau thiab tsawg hauv centimeters, raws li qhia hauv daim duab 3a , yog tsim los siv ob lossis peb txheej ntawm dielectric number case los tswj cov txiaj ntsig zoo.Daim duab 3b qhia tau hais tias muaj qhov sib txawv SEM micrograph ntawm tus neeg sawv cev capacitor ua nrog ob txheej ntawm dielectric, nrog rau tag nrho dielectric thickness ntawm 21 μm.Lub sab saum toj thiab hauv qab electrodes yog ib-txheej thiab rau-txheej 5064H feem.Micron-sized barium titanate particles yog pom nyob rau hauv daim duab SEM vim hais tias cov brighter cheeb tsam yog surrounded los ntawm cov darker organic binder.Cov dielectric number case ntub dej hauv qab electrode zoo thiab ua ib tug ntshiab interface nrog cov luam ntawv hlau zaj duab xis, raws li qhia nyob rau hauv lub illustration nrog ntau magnification.
(a) Daim duab ntawm lub capacitor nrog tsib qhov sib txawv.(b) Hla-sectional SEM micrograph ntawm lub capacitor nrog ob txheej ntawm dielectric, qhia barium titanate dielectric thiab nyiaj electrodes.(c) Capacitances ntawm capacitors nrog 2 thiab 3 barium titanate dielectric txheej thiab qhov sib txawv, ntsuas ntawm 1 MHz.(d) Kev sib raug zoo ntawm lub capacitance, ESR, thiab qhov poob ntawm 2.25 cm2 capacitor nrog 2 txheej ntawm dielectric coatings thiab zaus.
Lub capacitance yog proportional rau thaj tsam xav tau.Raws li pom nyob rau hauv daim duab 3c, qhov tshwj xeeb capacitance ntawm ob-txheej dielectric yog 0.53 nF / cm2, thiab qhov tshwj xeeb capacitance ntawm peb-txheej dielectric yog 0.33 nF / cm2.Cov nqi no sib haum mus rau ib tug dielectric tas li ntawm 13. capacitance thiab dissipation factor (DF) kuj tau ntsuas ntawm ntau zaus, raws li pom hauv daim duab 3d, rau 2.25 cm2 capacitor nrog ob txheej ntawm dielectric.Peb pom tias lub capacitance kuj tiaj tus nyob rau hauv ntau zaus ntawm kev txaus siab, nce 20%. Los ntawm 1 mus rau 10 MHz, thaum nyob rau hauv tib qhov ntau, DF nce los ntawm 0.013 mus rau 0.023.Vim tias qhov dissipation yam yog qhov piv ntawm lub zog poob rau lub zog khaws cia hauv txhua lub voj voog AC, DF ntawm 0.02 txhais tau tias 2% ntawm lub zog tuav. los ntawm lub capacitor yog consumed.Qhov kev poob no feem ntau yog qhia raws li qhov zaus-dependent sib npaug series tsis kam (ESR) txuas nrog cov capacitor, uas yog sib npaug rau DF/ωC.Raws li qhia hauv daim duab 3d, rau zaus ntau dua 1 MHz, ESR qis dua 1.5 Ω, thiab rau cov zaus ntau dua 4 MHz, ESR qis dua 0.5 Ω.Txawm hais tias siv cov tshuab capacitor no, μF-chav kawm capacitors xav tau rau DC-DC converters xav tau thaj tsam loj heev, tab sis 100 pF- nF capacitance ntau thiab tsawg poob ntawm cov capacitors no ua rau lawv haum rau lwm yam kev siv, xws li cov ntxaij lim dej thiab resonant circuits .Ntau txoj kev tuaj yeem siv los ua kom cov capacitance.A siab dua dielectric tas li nce qhov tshwj xeeb capacitance 37;Piv txwv li, qhov no tuaj yeem ua tiav los ntawm kev nce cov concentration ntawm barium titanate cov khoom hauv tus number case.Ib qhov me me dielectric thickness tuaj yeem siv tau, txawm hais tias qhov no yuav tsum muaj lub hauv qab electrode nrog qis roughness tshaj qhov screen-printed silver flake.Thinner, qis roughness capacitor. Cov khaubncaws sab nraud povtseg tuaj yeem tso tau los ntawm inkjet luam ntawv 31 lossis gravure luam ntawv 10, uas tuaj yeem ua ke nrog cov txheej txheem luam ntawv.Thaum kawg, ntau cov txheej txheem hloov pauv ntawm cov hlau thiab dielectric tuaj yeem muab sib dhos thiab luam tawm thiab txuas nrog tib lub sijhawm, yog li ua kom lub peev xwm 34 ntawm ib cheeb tsam. .
Ib qho hluav taws xob faib hluav taws xob tsim los ntawm ib khub ntawm cov resistors feem ntau yog siv los ntsuas qhov ntsuas hluav taws xob xav tau rau kev tawm tswv yim tswj qhov hluav taws xob tswj hluav taws xob.Rau hom kev thov no, qhov kev tiv thaiv ntawm cov ntawv luam tawm yuav tsum nyob rau hauv kΩ-MΩ ntau, thiab qhov sib txawv ntawm Cov khoom siv me me.Ntawm no, nws tau pom tias daim ntawv tsis kam ntawm ib txheej txheej tshuaj ntsuam luam ntawv carbon number case yog 900 Ω / □.Cov ntaub ntawv no yog siv los tsim ob kab tawm resistors (R1 thiab R2) thiab serpentine resistor (R3. ) nrog nominal resistances ntawm 10 kΩ, 100 kΩ, thiab 1.5 MΩ.Qhov kev tiv thaiv ntawm nominal qhov tseem ceeb yog ua tiav los ntawm kev luam tawm ob los yog peb txheej ntawm tus number case, raws li qhia hauv daim duab 4, thiab cov duab ntawm peb qhov resistances.Ua 8- 12 cov qauv ntawm txhua hom;nyob rau hauv txhua rooj plaub, tus qauv sib txawv ntawm qhov tsis kam yog 10% lossis tsawg dua.Qhov kev hloov pauv ntawm cov qauv nrog ob lossis peb txheej txheej txheej nyhav me ntsis me dua li cov qauv nrog ib txheej txheej.Qhov kev hloov me me ntawm qhov ntsuas tsis kam thiab qhov kev pom zoo nyob ze nrog tus nqi nominal qhia tias lwm qhov kev tawm tsam hauv qhov no tuaj yeem tau ncaj qha los ntawm kev hloov pauv cov resistor geometry.
Peb qhov sib txawv resistor geometries nrog cov lej sib txawv ntawm cov pa roj carbon resistive number case coatings.Cov duab ntawm peb cov resistors tau pom ntawm sab xis.
RLC circuits yog classic phau ntawv piv txwv ntawm resistor, inductor, thiab capacitor ob peb ua ke siv los qhia thiab txheeb xyuas tus cwj pwm ntawm passive Cheebtsam kev koom ua ke rau hauv cov ntawv luam tawm tiag tiag. Hauv Circuit Court no, ib qho 8 μH inductor thiab 0.8 nF capacitor txuas nrog hauv series, thiab a 25 kΩ resistor yog txuas nrog nyob rau hauv parallel nrog lawv.Cov duab ntawm lub voj voog hloov pauv tau pom nyob rau hauv daim duab 5a.Qhov laj thawj ntawm kev xaiv qhov tshwj xeeb series-parallel ua ke yog tias nws tus cwj pwm yog txiav txim los ntawm txhua qhov ntawm peb qhov sib txawv zaus, kom cov Kev ua tau zoo ntawm txhua yam tuaj yeem raug qhia thiab ntsuas.Xav txog 7 Ω series tsis kam ntawm inductor thiab 1.3 Ω ESR ntawm lub capacitor, qhov xav tau zaus teb ntawm Circuit Court raug xam.Cov duab kos duab qhia hauv daim duab 5b, thiab suav impedance amplitude thiab theem thiab ntsuas qhov tseem ceeb yog qhia nyob rau hauv daim duab 5c thiab d.Thaum tsawg zaus, lub siab impedance ntawm lub capacitor txhais tau hais tias tus cwj pwm ntawm Circuit Court yog txiav txim los ntawm 25 kΩ resistor.Raws li qhov zaus nce, impedance ntawm txoj kev LC txo qis;tag nrho cov cwj pwm hauv Circuit Court yog capacitive kom txog rau thaum lub resonant zaus yog 2.0 MHz.Tom qab lub resonance zaus, qhov inductive impedance dominates.Daim duab 5 qhia meej txog qhov kev pom zoo zoo ntawm kev xam thiab ntsuas qhov tseem ceeb hla tag nrho ntau zaus.Qhov no txhais tau hais tias tus qauv siv. ntawm no (qhov twg inductors thiab capacitors yog cov khoom zoo tshaj plaws nrog kev ua haujlwm tsis zoo) yog qhov tseeb rau kev kwv yees kev coj tus cwj pwm ntawm cov zaus no.
(a) Daim duab ntawm lub vijtsam luam tawm RLC Circuit Court uas siv cov kev sib txuas ntawm 8 μH inductor thiab 0.8 nF capacitor nyob rau hauv parallel nrog 25 kΩ resistor.(b) Circuit Court qauv nrog rau series tsis kam ntawm inductor thiab capacitor.(c , d) Lub impedance amplitude (c) thiab theem (d) ntawm Circuit Court.
Thaum kawg, cov ntawv luam tawm inductors thiab cov resistors yog siv nyob rau hauv boost regulator.The IC siv nyob rau hauv no ua qauv qhia yog Microchip MCP1640B14, uas yog ib tug PWM-raws li synchronous boost regulator nrog ib tug khiav hauj lwm zaus ntawm 500 kHz.Cov duab kos duab qhia nyob rau hauv daim duab 6a.A. 4.7 μH inductor thiab ob lub capacitors (4.7 μF thiab 10 μF) yog siv los ua lub zog cia khoom, thiab ib khub ntawm cov resistors yog siv los ntsuas cov zis voltage ntawm cov lus tawm tswv yim tswj.Xaiv tus nqi tiv thaiv los kho qhov tso zis voltage rau 5 V. Lub Circuit Court yog tsim los ntawm PCB, thiab nws cov kev ua tau zoo yog ntsuas nyob rau hauv lub load tsis kam thiab cov input voltage ntau ntawm 3 mus rau 4 V los simulate lithium-ion roj teeb nyob rau hauv ntau lub them nqi ntawm lub xeev. efficiency ntawm SMT inductors thiab resistors.SMT capacitors yog siv nyob rau hauv txhua rooj plaub, vim hais tias cov capacitance yuav tsum tau rau daim ntawv thov no loj heev ua kom tiav nrog cov ntawv luam capacitors.
(a) Daim duab ntawm voltage stabilizing circuit.(b-d) (b) Vout, (c) Vsw, thiab (d) Waveforms ntawm tam sim no ntws mus rau hauv inductor, input voltage yog 4.0 V, load kuj yog 1 kΩ, thiab cov ntawv luam tawm inductor yog siv los ntsuas.Surface mount resistors thiab capacitors yog siv rau qhov ntsuas no.(e) Rau ntau yam load resistances thiab input voltages, efficiency ntawm voltage regulator circuits siv tag nrho cov nto mount Cheebtsam thiab luam inductors thiab resistors.(f ) Qhov kev ua tau zoo ntawm qhov chaw mount thiab luam tawm Circuit Court qhia hauv (e).
Rau 4.0 V input voltage thiab 1000 Ω load tsis kam, cov waveforms ntsuas siv cov inductors luam tawm tau qhia hauv daim duab 6b-d.Daim duab 6c qhia qhov voltage ntawm Vsw davhlau ya nyob twg ntawm IC;Lub inductor voltage yog Vin-Vsw.Daim duab 6d qhia tau hais tias tam sim no ntws mus rau hauv inductor.Qhov kev ua tau zoo ntawm lub voj voog nrog SMT thiab cov khoom luam tawm yog qhia hauv daim duab 6e raws li kev ua haujlwm ntawm input voltage thiab load kuj, thiab daim duab 6f qhia qhov efficiency ratio. ntawm cov khoom luam tawm rau SMT Cheebtsam.Qhov ua tau zoo ntsuas siv SMT Cheebtsam zoo ib yam li tus nqi xav tau muab rau hauv cov chaw tsim khoom cov ntaub ntawv 14.Ntawm cov tswv yim siab tam sim no (tsis tshua muaj hluav taws xob tsis kam thiab tsis tshua muaj hluav taws xob input), kev ua haujlwm ntawm cov ntawv luam tawm inductors yog qis dua. Txawm li cas los xij, nrog cov khoom siv hluav taws xob ntau dua thiab cov zis ntau dua tam sim no, qhov kev tiv thaiv tsis tshua muaj qhov tseem ceeb, thiab kev ua haujlwm ntawm cov ntawv luam tawm inductors pib mus txog qhov ntawm SMT inductors.Rau load resistances> 500 Ω thiab Vin. = 4.0 V lossis> 750 Ω thiab Vin = 3.5 V, kev ua haujlwm ntawm cov ntawv luam tawm yog ntau dua 85% ntawm SMT inductors.
Muab piv rau qhov tam sim no waveform nyob rau hauv daim duab 6d nrog lub ntsuas hluav taws xob poob qhia tau hais tias qhov kev tiv thaiv tsis nyob rau hauv inductor yog lub ntsiab ua rau qhov sib txawv ntawm efficiency ntawm cov luam tawm Circuit Court thiab SMT Circuit Court, raws li xav tau.Qhov input thiab output zog ntsuas ntawm 4.0 V. input voltage thiab 1000 Ω load kuj yog 30.4 mW thiab 25.8 mW rau circuits nrog SMT Cheebtsam, thiab 33.1 mW thiab 25.2 mW rau circuits nrog printed Cheebtsam.Yog li ntawd, qhov poob ntawm cov luam tawm Circuit Court yog 7.9 mW, uas yog 3.4 mW siab tshaj qhov. Circuit Court nrog SMT Cheebtsam.RMS inductor tam sim no xam los ntawm waveform hauv daim duab 6d yog 25.6 mA.Txij li nws cov kev ua haujlwm tsis zoo yog 4.9 Ω, qhov kev cia siab poob qis yog 3.2 mW.Qhov no yog 96% ntawm qhov ntsuas 3.4 mW DC lub zog sib txawv. Tsis tas li ntawd, lub Circuit Court yog tsim nrog cov ntawv luam tawm inductors thiab luam tawm cov resistors thiab luam tawm inductors thiab SMT resistors, thiab tsis muaj qhov sib txawv tseem ceeb ntawm qhov sib txawv ntawm lawv.
Tom qab ntawd cov hluav taws xob tswj hluav taws xob yog tsim los ntawm PCB hloov tau (lub Circuit Court luam ntawv thiab SMT tivthaiv kev ua tau zoo yog pom nyob rau hauv Ntxiv daim duab S1) thiab txuas ntawm cov roj teeb hloov pauv lithium-ion raws li lub zog qhov chaw thiab OLED array raws li lub nra.Raws li Lochner et al.9 Txhawm rau tsim OLEDs, txhua OLED pixel siv 0.6 mA ntawm 5 V.Lub roj teeb siv lithium cobalt oxide thiab graphite raws li cathode thiab anode, raws li, thiab yog tsim los ntawm kws kho hniav txheej, uas yog cov feem ntau siv roj teeb printing txoj kev. roj teeb muaj peev xwm yog 16mAh, thiab qhov voltage thaum lub sij hawm xeem yog 4.0V.Daim duab 7 qhia ib daim duab ntawm lub Circuit Court ntawm lub saj zawg zog PCB, powering peb OLED pixels kev cob cog rua nyob rau hauv parallel.Qhov kev ua qauv qhia pom lub peev xwm ntawm cov khoom siv hluav taws xob luam tawm los ua ke nrog lwm cov yoog raws thiab cov khoom siv organic los tsim cov tshuab hluav taws xob ntau dua.
Daim duab ntawm qhov hluav taws xob tswj hluav taws xob hluav taws xob ntawm lub PCB hloov tau siv cov ntawv luam tawm inductors thiab cov resistors, siv cov roj teeb lithium-ion hloov tau rau lub zog peb cov organic LEDs.
Peb tau pom cov tshuaj ntsuam luam tawm inductors, capacitors thiab resistors nrog ntau yam ntawm qhov tseem ceeb ntawm PET hloov tau yooj yim, nrog rau lub hom phiaj ntawm kev hloov cov khoom siv hluav taws xob hauv cov khoom siv hluav taws xob. , thiab kab dav-qhov dav qhov sib piv, thiab los ntawm kev siv cov txheej tuab tuab ntawm cov cwj mem tsis zoo.Cov khoom no tau muab tso rau hauv cov ntawv luam tawm thiab hloov tau yooj yim RLC Circuit Court thiab nthuav tawm kev kwv yees hluav taws xob tus cwj pwm hauv kHz-MHz zaus, uas yog qhov loj tshaj. txaus siab rau lub hwj chim electronics.
Cov xwm txheej siv rau cov khoom siv hluav taws xob luam tawm yog hnav los yog cov khoom siv sib xyaw ua ke hloov tau yooj yim hluav taws xob, siv los ntawm cov roj teeb uas hloov tau yooj yim (xws li lithium-ion), uas tuaj yeem tsim cov hluav taws xob sib txawv raws li lub xeev tus nqi.Yog tias cov khoom thauj (xws li luam ntawv thiab Cov khoom siv hluav taws xob organic) yuav tsum muaj qhov tsis tu ncua lossis siab dua qhov hluav taws xob tawm los ntawm lub roj teeb, yuav tsum muaj qhov ntsuas hluav taws xob.Vim li no, cov ntawv luam tawm thiab cov resistors tau koom ua ke nrog cov tsoos silicon ICs rau hauv lub zog tswj kom muaj zog OLED nrog lub zog tas li. ntawm 5 V los ntawm qhov sib txawv ntawm qhov sib txawv ntawm cov roj teeb hluav taws xob hluav taws xob.Win qee qhov kev thauj khoom tam sim no thiab cov khoom siv hluav taws xob, qhov ua tau zoo ntawm qhov Circuit Court no tshaj 85% ntawm kev ua haujlwm ntawm kev tswj Circuit Court siv deg mount inductors thiab resistors.Txawm hais tias cov khoom siv thiab geometric optimizations, Kev poob qis hauv inductor tseem yog qhov txwv tsis pub muaj kev ua haujlwm ntawm lub zog tam sim no (cov tswv yim tam sim no ntau dua li ntawm 10 mA). Txawm li cas los xij, nyob rau hauv qis tam sim no, qhov poob hauv inductor raug txo, thiab tag nrho cov kev ua tau zoo yog txwv los ntawm kev ua tau zoo. ntawm IC.Vim tias ntau cov ntawv luam tawm thiab cov khoom siv organic xav tau cov tam sim no tsis tshua muaj, xws li cov OLEDs me me siv hauv peb qhov kev ua qauv qhia, cov ntawv luam tawm fais fab inductors tuaj yeem suav tias tsim nyog rau cov ntawv thov no.Los ntawm kev siv ICs tsim kom muaj kev ua haujlwm siab tshaj plaws ntawm cov qib tam sim no, siab dua tag nrho converter efficiency yuav ua tau tiav.
Hauv kev ua haujlwm no, lub tshuab hluav taws xob hluav taws xob tau tsim los ntawm cov tsoos PCB, hloov tau yooj yim PCB thiab nto mount tivthaiv soldering tshuab, thaum lub tshuab luam ntawv yog tsim los ntawm ib qho kev sib cais substrate.Txawm li cas los xij, qhov kub thiab viscosity inks siv los tsim cov tshuaj ntsuam- Cov ntawv luam tawm yuav tsum tso cai rau cov khoom siv tsis zoo, nrog rau kev sib txuas ntawm cov cuab yeej thiab cov khoom siv nto mount tiv thaiv cov ntaub so ntswg, yuav tsum tau luam tawm ntawm txhua lub substrate.Qhov no, ua ke nrog kev siv cov khoom siv hluav taws xob uas twb muaj lawm rau cov khoom siv saum npoo av, yuav tso cai. tag nrho cov Circuit Court yuav tsum tau ua nyob rau hauv pheej yig substrates (xws li PET) yam tsis tas yuav tsum tau rau cov txheej txheem rho tawm xws li PCB etching.Yog li ntawd, cov tshuaj ntsuam-luam ntawv passive Cheebtsam tsim nyob rau hauv qhov kev ua hauj lwm pab pave txoj kev rau saj zawg zog hluav taws xob systems uas integrate zog thiab loads. nrog cov khoom siv hluav taws xob ua haujlwm siab, siv cov khoom siv hluav taws xob pheej yig, feem ntau yog cov txheej txheem ntxiv thiab tsawg kawg ntawm cov khoom siv saum npoo av.
Siv Asys ASP01M npo tshuab luam ntawv thiab lub vijtsam stainless hlau muab los ntawm Dynamesh Inc., tag nrho cov txheej txheem ntawm cov khoom siv passive tau tshuaj ntsuam luam tawm ntawm PET hloov tau yooj yim nrog lub thickness ntawm 76 μm.Qhov mesh loj ntawm cov hlau txheej yog 400 kab ib nti thiab 250. Cov kab ib nti rau cov txheej txheej dielectric thiab cov txheej tiv thaiv.Siv lub zog squeegee ntawm 55 N, luam ntawv ceev ntawm 60 mm / s, qhov deb ntawm 1.5 hli, thiab Serilor squeegee nrog hardness ntawm 65 (rau hlau thiab resistive khaubncaws sab nraud povtseg) los yog 75 (rau dielectric txheej) rau kev tshuaj ntsuam luam ntawv.
Cov txheej txheem conductive-cov inductors thiab cov neeg sib cuag ntawm cov capacitors thiab resistors-yog luam tawm nrog DuPont 5082 los yog DuPont 5064H nyiaj microflake ink.Cov resistor yog luam tawm nrog DuPont 7082 carbon conductor.Rau lub capacitor dielectric, cov conductive compound BT-101 barium titanate dielectric yog siv.Txhua txheej ntawm dielectric yog tsim los siv ob-pass (ntub-ntub) lub voj voog luam ntawv los txhim kho qhov sib xws ntawm cov yeeb yaj kiab.Rau txhua qhov kev tivthaiv, cov nyhuv ntawm ntau lub voj voog luam ntawv ntawm cov khoom siv ua haujlwm thiab kev hloov pauv tau raug tshuaj xyuas.Cov qauv ua nrog ntau txheej txheej ntawm cov khoom qub tau qhuav ntawm 70 ° C rau 2 feeb ntawm cov txheej txheej.Tom qab siv lub tsho kawg ntawm txhua yam khoom, cov qauv raug ci ntawm 140 ° C rau 10 feeb kom ua tiav ziab.Qhov kev ua haujlwm tsis zoo ntawm lub vijtsam Lub tshuab luam ntawv yog siv los ua kom cov khaubncaws sab nraud povtseg.Qhov kev sib cuag nrog qhov chaw ntawm lub inductor yog ua tiav los ntawm kev txiav ib los ntawm lub qhov ntawm lub hauv paus ncoo thiab stencil luam ntawv kab nyob rau sab nraum qab ntawm lub substrate nrog DuPont 5064H ink.Qhov kev sib tshuam ntawm cov khoom siv luam ntawv kuj siv Dupont. 5064H stencil printing.In thiaj li yuav tso saib cov khoom luam tawm thiab SMT Cheebtsam ntawm qhov hloov pauv PCB tau pom hauv daim duab 7, cov khoom luam tawm tau txuas nrog siv Circuit Works CW2400 conductive epoxy, thiab SMT Cheebtsam yog kev cob cog rua los ntawm cov tsoos soldering.
Lithium cobalt oxide (LCO) thiab graphite-raws li electrodes yog siv raws li cathode thiab anode ntawm lub roj teeb, feem.Lub cathode slurry yog ib tug sib tov ntawm 80% LCO (MTI Corp.), 7.5% graphite (KS6, Timcal), 2.5 % carbon dub (Super P, Timcal) thiab 10% polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF, Kureha Corp.).) Cov anode yog cov sib tov ntawm 84wt% graphite, 4wt% carbon dub thiab 13wt% PVDF.N-Methyl-2-pyrrolidone (NMP, Sigma Aldrich) yog siv los yaj PVDF binder thiab disperse lub slurry.The slurry yog homogenized los ntawm nplawm nrog lub vortex tov thaum hmo ntuj.A 0.0005 nti tuab stainless hlau ntawv ci thiab 10 μm nickel ntawv ci yog siv los ua cov khoom tam sim no rau cov cathode thiab anode, ntsig txog.Cov number case yog luam tawm ntawm cov khoom siv tam sim no nrog lub squeegee ntawm kev luam ntawv ceev ntawm 20 mm / s.Cua lub tshuab hluav taws xob hauv qhov cub ntawm 80 ° C rau 2 teev kom tshem tawm cov kuab tshuaj.Qhov siab ntawm electrode tom qab ziab yog li 60 μm, thiab raws li qhov hnyav ntawm cov khoom siv, lub peev xwm theoretical yog 1.65 mAh /cm2.Cov electrodes raug txiav rau hauv qhov ntev ntawm 1.3 × 1.3 cm2 thiab muab tso rau hauv lub qhov cub nqus tsev ntawm 140 ° C thaum hmo ntuj, thiab tom qab ntawd lawv tau muab ntim nrog cov hnab yas laminated rau hauv lub hnab looj tes uas muaj nitrogen.A tov ntawm polypropylene puag zaj duab xis nrog anode thiab cathode thiab 1M LiPF6 hauv EC / DEC (1: 1) yog siv los ua cov roj teeb electrolyte.
Ntsuab OLED muaj poly (9,9-dioctylfluorene-co-n-(4-butylphenyl)-diphenylamine) (TFB) thiab poly ((9,9-dioctylfluorene-2,7- (2,1,3-benzothiadiazole-) 4, 8-diyl)) (F8BT) raws li cov txheej txheem teev tseg hauv Lochner li al. 9.
Siv Dektak stylus profiler los ntsuas cov yeeb yaj kiab thickness.Cov zaj duab xis raug txiav los npaj cov qauv ntu ntu rau kev tshawb xyuas los ntawm kev tshuaj ntsuam xyuas electron microscopy (SEM).The FEI Quanta 3D field emission gun (FEG) SEM yog siv los ua tus qauv ntawm cov ntawv luam tawm. zaj duab xis thiab paub meej tias cov thickness ntsuas.Qhov kev tshawb fawb SEM tau ua nyob rau ntawm qhov nrawm ntawm qhov hluav taws xob ntawm 20 keV thiab ib txwm ua haujlwm nrug ntawm 10 hli.
Siv cov multimeter los ntsuas DC tsis kam, voltage thiab tam sim no.The AC impedance ntawm inductors, capacitors thiab circuits yog ntsuas siv Agilent E4980 LCR meter rau zaus qis dua 1 MHz thiab Agilent E5061A network analyzer yog siv los ntsuas frequencies saum 500 kHz. Tektronix TDS 5034 oscilloscope los ntsuas qhov voltage regulator waveform.
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